Learn About Perfectionism
Understanding the science, measurement, and impact of perfectionism
Understanding the science, measurement, and impact of perfectionism
Perfectionism is a personality trait characterised by striving for flawlessness and setting excessively high standards of performance, accompanied by overly critical self-evaluations and concerns about others' evaluations.
Rather than being a simple trait, perfectionism is multidimensional, with different forms having distinct impacts on well-being, achievement, and relationships.
The gold-standard instruments in perfectionism research
Developed by Randy Frost and colleagues (1990), this 35-item scale measures six dimensions: Concern over Mistakes, Personal Standards, Parental Expectations, Parental Criticism, Doubts about Actions, and Organisation.
Created by Paul Hewitt and Gordon Flett (1991), this 45-item scale assesses the three dimensions of trait perfectionism: Self-Oriented, Other-Oriented, and Socially Prescribed Perfectionism.
Our meta-analytic research shows that perfectionism has increased significantly among university students over the past three decades, with socially prescribed perfectionism showing the largest increase.
Research consistently links perfectionism, particularly socially prescribed perfectionism, to depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and suicidal ideation.
Contemporary culture, characterised by meritocracy, competitive individualism, and social media comparison, may be driving increases in perfectionism among young people.
Understanding perfectionism trends can inform evidence-based interventions, educational policies, and mental health support programmes for students.
Expand your knowledge with these research papers and resources
Perfectionism is increasing over time: A meta-analysis of birth cohort differences from 1989 to 2016.
Psychological Bulletin, 145(4), 410-429.
The relationship between perfectionism and psychopathology: A meta-analysis.
Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73(10), 1301-1326.
Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment.
American Psychological Association.